COMPANY OVERVIEW- HISTORY
Proteo, Inc. is a Nevada corporation formed on December 18, 1992. Proteo, Inc. has one wholly owned subsidiary, Proteo Biotech AG ("PBAG"), a German corporation (Proteo, Inc. and PBAG are hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Company"). The Company's common stock is currently quoted on the Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board ("OTCBB") under the symbol "PTEO". Effective December 31, 2004, the Company's other wholly owned subsidiary, Proteo Marketing, Inc. ("PMI") was merged into the Company.
PMI was incorporated in the State of Nevada and began operations on November 22, 2000. In December 2000, PMI entered into a reorganization and stock exchange agreement with PBAG, and as a result, PBAG became a wholly owned subsidiary of PMI.
During 2001, PMI entered into a Shell Acquisition Agreement (the "Acquisition Agreement") with Trivantage Group, Inc. ("Trivantage"), a public "shell" company, in a transaction accounted for as a reverse merger. In accordance with the Acquisition Agreement, PMI first acquired 176,660,280 shares (1,313,922 post reverse split shares, as described below) of Trivantage's common stock representing 90% of the issued and outstanding common stock of Trivantage, in exchange for a cash payment of $500,000 to the sole shareholder of Trivantage. Secondly, Trivantage completed a one for one-hundred-fifty reverse stock split. Finally, effective April 25, 2002, the shareholders of PMI exchanged their shares of PMI for an aggregate of 20,286,512 shares of Trivantage to effect a reverse merger (the "Merger") between PMI and Trivantage. Subsequently, Trivantage changed its name to Proteo, Inc.
DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
The Company seeks to identify potential drug candidates in the field of inflammation. The Company's focus is on natural occurring compounds which have proven superior biologic activity over almost all known compounds. The focus on natural occurring compounds is driven by the assumption that these compounds will have fewer side effects regarding metabolism and excretion. Whenever possible, human peptides and proteins, which have no allergenic potential, will be used.
The Company intends to develop, manufacture, promote, and market pharmaceuticals and other biotech products. However, we do not believe that any of our planned products will produce sufficient revenues in the next four years to support us financially. We currently expect to sell only small quantities of these products in the next few business years. As a result, we intend to identify and develop other potential products. To achieve profitable operations, the Company, independently or in collaboration with others, must successfully identify, develop, manufacture, and market proprietary products. The products and technologies we intend to develop will require significant commitments of personnel and financial resources.
Our business strategy is focused on the development of pharmaceuticals based on the body's own tools and weapons to fight inflammatory diseases. Specifically, we are focusing our research on the development of drugs based on the human protein Elafin. We strongly believe that Elafin will be useful in the treatment of cardiac infarction, serious injuries caused by accidents, post-surgery damage to tissue, and complications resulting from organ transplantation as well as other diseases.
Elafin is a human protein that naturally occurs in human skin, lungs and the mammary gland. Elafin is an elastase inhibitor which inhibits the activity of two enzymes, elastase and proteinase 3. Both of these enzymes are known to be involved in the breakdown of tissue in various inflammatory diseases. Elafin has proven in animal tests, that it protects tissue against destruction by these enzymes. We intend to utilize Elafin as a drug in the treatment of various diseases and injuries.
We believe a major indication for Elafin is as a drug in the treatment of cardiac infarction. Cardiac infarction appears as a result of deficiencies in the blood supply of heart muscles caused by damage to the supplying coronary vessels. As an immediate result, the heart weakens and the heart muscles are destroyed. Damage to tissue caused by cardiac infarction will slowly form scars. Current methods of treatment are aimed at restoring the blood supply to the heart, either by replacement with new blood vessels (bypass surgery) or by removal of blood-clots in the coronary vessels (lyse therapy). Animal experiments have shown that Elafin may be effective in protecting the heart muscles against destruction after blood supply was interrupted.
Elafin may also be useful in the treatment of the seriously injured. Similar to damage of heart muscles as described above, much of the damage caused by serious injuries appear after the injury causing event (e.g.: traffic accidents). In emergency treatment following accidents, the blood supply, nerve fibers and the stability of bones and joints are given priority. Due to blood supply deficiencies, inflammation will occur in injured muscles and in injured vessels. Because muscles may be destroyed by the inflammation, limbs may have to be amputated despite successful surgeries. Elafin may protect muscles against damage caused by inflammation. In animal experiments, rat legs treated with Elafin remained almost unaffected, although the blood supply of the leg was cut off for six hours.
Elafin may also be used in the course of heart transplantation. To transplant hearts successfully, simultaneous treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs is necessary. Inflammations of transplanted organs are mainly caused either by rejection of the organ by the immune system or by blood supply deficiencies during the transplantation. Although various drugs are used today to avoid the rejection of the organ, such rejections still occur quite often. Therefore, additional anti-inflammatory drugs are needed, which may potentially prevent damages caused by blood supply deficiencies. Tests carried out on rabbits at the University of Toronto have demonstrated the effectiveness of an infusion with Elafin after a heart transplant. In cases where Elafin was not administered, a substantial thickening of the coronary vessel walls occurred due to temporary circulation reduction. Thus the heart was frequently not sufficiently supplied with blood. Inflammation and destruction of the heart musculature, which was partly replaced by functionless scar tissue, was the result. Treatment with Elafin was shown to reduce such damage to a minimum.
Other preliminary data indicate that Elafin may be useful in a broad range of other applications whether pharmaceutical or not. Therefore, we will attempt to encourage other scientists, research centers as well as other companies to do research and development on Elafin for other applications than described above. For example, Elafin may also be effective in the treatment of lung diseases and defects, dermatological diseases and defects, or as ingredient in coating for medical devices such as stents, or in cosmetics.
Proteo owns licenses to exclusively develop products based on patents and filings relating to Elafin, including fourteen patents already issued. Of these issued patents, three were issued in the U.S.
Further, Proteo intends to engage in the research and development of other drugs and biotechnical products based on natural proteins. We may also be able to implement unique technologies and biotechnological production procedures that may enable the Company to offer related services to other companies. Additional research and development has already begun in the areas of Leech-derived Tryptase Inhibitors (LDTI), and Bis-acyl ureas. LDTI has been successfully expressed in yeast, and is an inhibitor of human mast cell tryptase. LDTI inhibits tryptase-induced human fibroblast proliferation. LDTI may be a drug candidate for the treatment of keloid formation, scleroderma and asthma. Bis-acyl ureas have been identified as a relevant compound in yeasts able to induce inflammation. It activates human neutrophils in vitro and may be a potential candidate for immune stimulation. Methods for isolation of bis-acyl urea from yeasts as well as synthetic production have been established. Bis-acyl ureas and LDTIs are in the early pre-clinical stage.
Proteo works closely with the interdisciplinary research unit at the University of Kiel in the identification of drug targets for the prevention and treatment of infections.
In 2001 we received a grant from the German State of Schleswig-Holstein in the approximate amount of 790,000 Euros for the research and pre-clinical development of our pharmaceuticals based on the human protein Elafin. The grant, as amended, covered the period from February 1, 2001 to March 31, 2004 if certain milestones were reached by November 15 of each year, with a possible extension as defined in the agreement. The grant required that we prove our economic ability to otherwise finance at least 52% of the projected costs on our own. We qualified for and received grant funds approximating 289,000 Euros in 2003 ($328,000) but received nothing under this grant in 2004.
In May 2004 we received another grant from the German State of Schleswig-Holstein in the approximate amount of 760,000 Euros for further research and development of our pharmaceutical product Elafin. The new grant covers the period from April 1, 2004 to March 31, 2007 if certain milestones have been reached by September 30 of each year, with a possible extension as defined in the agreement. The new grant covers 49.74% of eligible research and development costs and is subject to our ability to otherwise finance the remaining 50.26% of the costs. An additional condition of the grant is that the product is to be developed and subsequently produced in the German State of Schleswig-Holstein. We qualified to receive approximately 150,000 Euros (approximately $185,000) under the new grant in 2004, of which approximately 137,000 Euros ($171,000) had been received by December 31, 2004. We qualified to receive approximately 250,000 Euros (approximately $310,000) under the new grant in 2005, of which approximately 181,000 Euros ($225,000) had been received by December 31, 2005. As of December 31, 2005, we believe that all milestones required by the new grant had been satisfied.
Subsequent to year-end, the New Grant was modified so that the Company is elegible to receive the following amounts: 120,911 Euros in 2004 (received); 197,316 Euros in 2005 (received); 341,773 Euros in 2006; and 100,000 Euros in 2007.
After developing a production procedure for Elafin, Proteo has initiated clinical trials to achieve governmental approval for the use of Elafin as a drug in Europe. For this purpose, Proteo has contracted Eurogentec, an experienced Contract Manufacturing Organization (CMO) located in Belgium to produce Elafin in accordance with GMP standards as required for clinical trials. In December 2005, Proteo successfully completed a first Phase I trial for Elafin. Elafin was tested on 32 healthy male volunteers in a single-ascending-dose, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate its tolerability and safety at the Institut fur Klinische Pharmakologie in Kiel, Germany. All intravenously applied doses were well tolerated. No severe adverse events occurred.
On November 15, 2004, we entered into an exclusive worldwide license and collaboration agreement with ARTES Biotechnology GmbH ("ARTES"). This license agreement enables us to economically produce Elafin on a large scale by using the sublicensed yeast HANSENULA POLYMORPHA as a high performance expression system. Rhein Biotech GmbH ("Rhein") has licensed the yeast to ARTES, who in-turn sublicensed it to us. The agreement has a term of 15 years with an annual license fee of 10,000 Euros or 2.5% royalties on the future sales of Elafin, if greater. Should the license agreement between Rhein and ARTES terminate, Rhein will assume the sublicense agreement with the Company under similar terms.
Our goal for German approval on our initial product is targeted for 2009 followed by United States Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") approval one or two years later. It should be noted that this specialized application, if successfully developed, would have a market potential substantially smaller than the overall market of Elafin for more widespread applications such as for the treatment of cardiac infarction.
THE SUBSIDIARY
PBAG, our operating subsidiary, was formed in Kiel, Germany, on April 6, 2000. PBAG is in the business of developing pharmaceutical products based on the human protein called Elafin and possible by-products thereof as well as related technologies. The President and CEO of PBAG is currently Birge Bargmann. The directors of PBAG are Oliver Wiedow, MD, Barbara Kahlke, PhD and Florian Wegner. PBAG has six full-time employees and one part-time employee as of December 31, 2005.
To date, the Company has not had profitable operations. Furthermore, we do not anticipate that we will have profitable operations in the near future.
COLLABORATION WITH OTHER COMPANIES
In an effort to provide the Company with some revenue which will be utilized in the implementation of our business plan, our Subsidiary plans periodically to provide research and development and manufacturing services as a sub-contractor and/or consultant to unaffiliated companies which do not compete with the Company. We plan to explore such opportunities if deemed advantageous to the Company.
Further, the Company actively seeks outlicensing partners, co-development partnerships and other collaborations with third parties to generate revenues and/or to expedite the Company's product development. However, there can be no assurance that the Company's efforts to build such alliances will be successful at any time or in any way.
COMPETITION
The market for our planned products and technologies is highly competitive, and we expect competition to increase. We will compete with many other health care research product suppliers, most of which are larger than Proteo. Some of our anticipated competitors offer a broad range of equipment, supplies, products and technology, including many of the products and technologies contemplated to be offered by us. To the extent that customers exhibit loyalty to the supplier that first supplies them with a particular product or technology, our competitors may have an advantage over us with respect to such products and technologies. Additionally, many of our competitors have, and will continue to have, greater research and development, marketing, financial and other resources than us and, therefore, represent and will continue to represent significant competition in our anticipated markets. As a result of their size and the breadth of their product offering, certain of these companies have been and will be able to establish managed accounts by which, through a combination of direct computer links and volume discounts, they seek to gain a disproportionate share of orders for health care products and technologies from prospective customers. Such managed accounts present significant competitive barriers for us. It is anticipated that we will benefit from their participation in selected markets, which, as they expand, may attract the attention of our competitors. The business of research and development of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of cardiac infarction is intensely competitive. Major companies with immense financial and personal resources are also engaged in this field.
Elastase inhibitors such as Elafin, have been under research and development in the pharmaceutical industry for more than ten years. Currently, there have been more than 200 related patents granted. Most of these substances are produced synthetically, and are not applicable in the treatment of cardiac infarctions. Three other elastase inhibitors, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI), alpha-1-antitrypsin and recombinant monocyte/neutrophil elastase inhibitor (rM/NEI), are similar to Elafin in that they are of human descent and may be applied like Elafin principally. From the human protein inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor a highly elastase inhibitor, depelestat, has been engineered. Four other substances, ZD8321, ZD0892, SSR69071, and ONO-5046, are artificial elastase inhibitors which may have effectiveness comparable to that of Elafin.
SECRETORY LEUKOPROTEASE INHIBITOR (SLPI)
Amgen, Inc. is the owner of the patent for SLPI. Amgen purchased this patent by acquiring Synergen, Inc. SLPI is quite similar to Elafin. Nevertheless, SLPI has some disadvantages in its intended application in the treatment of cardiac infarctions and in the treatment of serious injuries. It is only effective against one (leukocyte-elastase) of the two (leukocyte-elastase and proteinase 3) major enzymes which destroy tissue, while Elafin has shown effectiveness against both. Therefore, Elafin is probably of higher effectiveness. Furthermore, SLPI is not as stable as Elafin, which is a disadvantage in its distribution as a drug. SLPI was discovered much earlier than Elafin, therefore, the remaining term of the covering patent should be shorter than that related to Elafin. Amgen does not mention further development of SLPI as a drug in its annual report of 1998.
ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN
Human blood contains relatively large amounts of alpha-1-antitrypsin naturally. Research into the use of alpha-1-antitrypsin for the treatment of cardiac infarctions, shock and of other serious inflammations has been ongoing for the last twenty years. Compared to Elafin, however, there are some substantial problems related to alpha-1-antitrypsin. For example, alpha-1-antitrypsin is not as stable as Elafin, and therefore, from the scientific point of view it is probably not as effective as Elafin. Alpha-1-antitrypsin has received approval for the use as a drug in genetic deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin and is currently produced from pooled human sera. Recombinant production of alpha-1-antitrypsin has been established by Arriva Pharmaceuticals Inc., and clinical trials for the use as an aerosol for the treatment of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency have been conducted by Baxter Bioscience.
RECOMBINANT MONOCYTE/NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE INHIBITOR (RM/NEI)
This compound of human descent is currently under development for the use in cystic fibrosis and to be applied by inhalation devices. IVAX Corporation has entered into a license option agreement with the Center for Blood Research, Inc. (CBR), an affiliate of the Harvard Medical School, which holds the rights to this compound.
ONO-5046 (SIVELESTAT)
Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., in Japan has developed the synthetic elastase inhibitor ONO-5046 (Sivelestat). Ono received approval in 2002 to use Sivelestat as a drug for the indication "Amelioration of acute lung disease accompanying generalized inflammatory syndrome in Japan.
DEPELESTAT
A further elastase inhibitor has been engineered from the Kunitz domain of human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. This peptide was found to be a potent inhibitor of human elastase, however, other than in the case of Elafin, it is reported that no other proteases, including proteinase 3, were inhibited. Currently Depelestat is being clinically developed by Debiopharm for use as an aerosol in the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
GOVERNMENT REGULATION
The Company is, and will continue to be, subject to governmental regulation under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Environmental Protection Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, and other similar laws of general application, as to all of which we believe we are in material compliance. Any future change in, and the cost of compliance with, these laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, and results of operation of the Company.
Because of the nature of our operations, the use of hazardous substances, and our ongoing research and development and manufacturing activities, we are subject to stringent federal, state and local laws, rules, regulations and policies governing the use, generation, manufacturing, storage, air emission, effluent discharge, handling and disposal of certain materials and wastes. Although we believe that we are in material compliance with all applicable governmental and environmental laws, rules, regulations and policies, there can be no assurance that the business, financial conditions, and results of operations of the Company will not be materially adversely affected by current or future environmental laws, rules, regulations and policies, or by liability occurring because of any past or future releases or discharges of materials that could be hazardous.
Additionally, the clinical testing, manufacture, promotion and sale of a significant majority of the products and technologies of the Company, if those products and technologies are to be offered and sold in the United States, are subject to extensive regulation by numerous governmental authorities in the United States, principally the FDA, and corresponding state regulatory agencies. Additionally, to the extent those products and technologies are to be offered and sold in markets other than the United States, the clinical testing, manufacture, promotion and sale of those products and technologies will be subject to similar regulation by corresponding foreign regulatory agencies. In general, the regulatory framework for biological health care products is more rigorous than for non-biological health care products. Generally, biological health care products must be shown to be safe, pure, potent and effective. There are numerous state and federal statutes and regulations that govern or influence the testing, manufacture, safety, effectiveness, labeling, storage, record keeping, approval, advertising, distribution and promotion of biological health care products. Non-compliance with applicable governmental requirements can result in, among other things, fines, injunctions, seizures of products, total or partial suspension of product marketing, failure of the government to grant pre-market approval, withdrawal of marketing approvals, product recall and criminal prosecution.
PATENTS, LICENSES & ROYALTIES
The Company owns licenses to exclusively develop products based on patents and filings including fourteen patents already issued. The issued patents include three patents which have been issued in the United States of America. The Company does not have title to any patents; title to the patents rests with Dr. Wiedow.
Dr. Wiedow will receive three percent (3%) of the gross revenues of the Company from products based on patents of which he was the principal inventor. Further, Dr. Wiedow will receive license fees in the amount of 110,000 Euros per year and a refund for all expenses to maintain the patents (patent fees, legal fees, etc.). Such license fees shall be reduced by any other royalties paid to Dr. Wiedow. As of the date of this annual report, no fees have been paid to Dr. Wiedow although $651,000 has been accrued.
AstraZeneca Inc. (formerly Zeneca Inc., formerly ICI Pharmaceuticals Inc.) had held the patents for Elafin for several years and has significantly contributed to the current knowledge. Therefore, AstraZeneca Inc. will receive two percent (2%) of the net sales of the Company from products based on patents in which Dr. Wiedow was the principal inventor. Proteo holds an exclusive license for the following patents:
USA US 5464822 USA US 6245739 USA US 6893843 EU EP 0402068 Japan JP 2989853 Australia AU 636148 Canada CA 2018592 Finland FI 902880 Ireland IE 070520 Israel IL 094602 New Zealand NZ 233974 Norway NO 177716 Portugal PT 094326 South Africa ZA 9004461
EMPLOYEES
We currently have six full-time employees, all working at our offices in Germany.
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